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    Desktop motherboards, cases and power supplies all come in different sizes called form factors. All three must be compatible to work properly together.

    Motherboards vary greatly with respect to the types of components they support. For example, each motherboard supports a single type of CPU and a short list of memory types. Additionally, some video cards, hard drives, and other peripherals may not be compatible. The motherboard manufacturer should provide clear guidance on the compatibility of components.

    Upgrading or building a PC, and shopping for a new motherboard to go with it? Computer Shopper’s expert reviews of motherboards will guide you to the best board for your needs. Whether you are looking for a full-size motherboard for a tower PC case, or a compact board for a media center PC, our detailed reviews of the top motherboards explain what to look for when shopping. We review the latest motherboards for Intel and AMD processors by Asus, MSI, Gigabyte, and many others. See our roundup of the top motherboards for Intel Sandy Bridge and Sandy Bridge-E processors, and check below for reviews of our current 10 best motherboards.

    A chipset is a group of small circuits that coordinate the flow of data to and from a PC's key components. These key components include the CPU itself, the main memory, the secondary cache, and any devices situated on the buses. A chipset also controls data flow to and from hard disks and other devices connected to the IDE channels.

    A computer has got two main chipsets:

    The NorthBridge (also called the memory controller) is in charge of controlling transfers between the processor and the RAM, which is why it is located physically near the processor. It is sometimes called the GMCH, for Graphic and Memory Controller Hub.
    The SouthBridge (also called the input/output controller or expansion controller) handles communications between slower peripheral devices. It is also called the ICH (I/O Controller Hub). The term "bridge" is generally used to designate a component which connects two buses.

    Before we get into the recommendations, a little bit of a primer for the uninitiated. Motherboards come in several different form factors, the most common of which are ATX and Micro ATX. There are a whole bunch of other form factors, but generally speaking, the case you end up buying will probably support one or both of these sizes.

    A socket-type refers to the actual socket where the processor "plugs into” the motherboard itself. Different manufacturers have different sockets for their CPUs, and different CPUs from the same manufacturer might not share a common socket. For example, Intel Core processors come in LGA1151 – but, also LGA1155 – and sometimes LGA1150. AMD processors also have varying socket sizes.

    In laptops and tablets, and increasingly even in desktops, the motherboard often incorporates the functions of the video card and sound card. This helps keep these types of computers small in size. However, it also prevents those built-in components from being upgraded.

    The FanM signal enables the operating system to monitor the status of the power supply's cooling fan so that it can take appropriate actions, such as shutting down the system if the fan fails.

    In the example above, notice that the forward (right) end of the smaller slots are not enclosed. Most PCIe cards should work in open-ended slots with fewer PCIe lanes than the cards possess, but the performance penalty may be severe. Also, on all but the most advanced chipsets, only the primary PCIe x16 nearest the CPU will electrically possess all 16 pathways. Secondary and tertiary slots may be wired as x8 or x4. Nvidia will not allow an X4 slot to be used for a second graphics card in SLI, and Crossfire performance of multiple AMD graphics cards may take a performance hit, especially if the slots are the older PCIe 2.0 instead of the current 3.0. Some boards offer one or more legacy PCI slots, which are similar in length to PCIe X16 slots, but set closer to the rear edge, and won’t have retention clips at their forward edges.

    The ASRock Fatal1ty Z170 has a lot in common with the MAXIMUS, but fortunately comes in at a lower price point. In fact, at first glance the two are nearly identical, down to the covers over the rear I/O panel. A closer look turns up some differences not immediately apparent, like more USB ports and two honest-to-goodness Ethernet ports.

    Power for the processor comes from a device called the voltage regulator module (VRM), which is built into most modern motherboards. This device senses the CPU voltage requirements (usually via sense pins on the processor) and calibrates itself to provide the proper voltage to run the CPU. The design of a VRM enables it to run on either 5v or 12v for input power. Most have used 5v over the years, but many are now converting to 12v because of the lower current requirements at that voltage. In addition, the 5v already might be loaded by other devices, whereas, typically, only drive motors use the 12v. Whether the VRM on your board uses 5v or 12v depends on the particular motherboard or regulator design. Many modern voltage regulator ICs are designed to run on anything from a 4v to a 36v input, so it is up to the motherboard designer as to how they will be configured.

    What type of chipset do you need? Motherboards come with one of several chipsets, each with their own different features that add certain capabilities to the board. If you plan to overclock your CPU, you need to make sure your choice of motherboard has a chipset that supports doing so. (For more on this, read the chipset section of our motherboard guide.)

    How many graphics cards do you plan on using? Most graphics card use PCIe x16 slots, and many motherboards will have at least two of them. However, once the first slot is occupied, most motherboards will force the other PCIe x16 slots to run at either 8x or 4x speed. NVidia cards will only work at a minimum 8x speed, while AMD cards are capable of running at 4x speed. It’s important to read the motherboard reviews to find out how this might affect your build.

    Your mainboard will determine the maximum number of expansion PCI cards and the amount of memory (RAM, random access memory) which can be installed. The mainboard will also determine the type of CPU you can use because each mainboard is designed to seat a particular CPU. For example, a mainboard designed to seat a Pentium 4 CPU won’t seat an AMD Athlon CPU.

    The PCIe slots on a board are where you will plug in your graphics card(s) as well as any other expansion cards, such as sound cards, wireless network cards, RAID controller cards, etc. In a typical system many people will only use a single one of these slots for a discrete (or standalone) graphics card. If you intend to add more cards than just a single GPU, then you will need to plan out where you will install your cards and make sure you have enough room. Many graphics cards take up 2 PCIe slots, and some even take up 3 slots, so keep this in mind when selecting your motherboard.

    One more thing: Everything is basic here, including the number of available PCI-E and DIMM slots, so bear that in mind when planning a build.

    Damaged motherboards are an infrequent but huge problem. Snapped pins, disconnected plugs, static electricity discharge, and other issues will all lead you back to the repair shop to buy new plugs, or, hopefully, to get a professional installation.

    Same thing goes for fire damage, smoke damage, water damage, and even physical trauma from impact.

    Remember, the CPU/motherboard upgrade is one of the most expensive upgrades you can make to your existing PC. If you aren’t confident in your ability to match up parts or to correctly piece everything together once you’re in the midst of your build, it’s always going to be best to opt for a professional installation rather than the cost of replacing damaged hardware.

    The processor chip is identified by the processor type and the manufacturer. This information is usually inscribed on the chip itself. For example, Intel 386, Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) 386, Cyrix 486, Pentium MMX, Intel Core 2Duo, or iCore7.

    If the processor chip is not on the motherboard, you can identify the processor socket as socket 1 to Socket 8, LGA 775 among others. This can help you identify the processor that fits in the socket. For example, a 486DX processor fits into Socket 3.

    For example, ITX boards that feature M.2 slots frequently put them on the backside of the motherboard, so you’ll need to disassemble your system to reach them or purchase an enclosure that has a cutout specifically for this purpose.

    The bigger is better rule erodes for the largest motherboards, as prices for E-ATX and ATX-XL boards and the cases they require skyrocket. Enclosure prices can more than double moving from mid- to full-sized towers, adding significantly to a system’s bottom line. Remember to factor in that hidden expense when buying and building beyond ATX.

    Once you've selected a motherboard and have it in hand, it's time to install it. But before we get into that, let's run through removing your old motherboard.

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    There are other considerations at play, such as SATA III being faster than USB 3.0 due to drive options like native queueing, and USB 3.0’s disadvantage of being a shared bus, but the reality of the matter is that both are fast enough for what you’ll need them to do, neither will hit their max speeds, and you’ll probably have to upgrade your motherboard on an older system in order to use them.

    It’s not all sunshine and rainbows in upgrade land, however. For those of you that don’t have a lot of experience in building your own PCs and don’t typically catch on to written tutorials all that quickly, you may be spending additional cash to fix novice mistakes.

    Start by powering down and disconnecting any cords or cables attached to your PC, then open up the side of your computer’s case so that you can access the motherboard. A smart trick is to take a picture here, so you have a record of everything that needs to be plugged in before you start disconnecting them.

    The big items like graphics cards and Wi-Fi cards can come out of your motherboard first. Then go for SATA or other interface cables that connect your SSD, hard drive, or optical media drive to your motherboard.

    Small wires from the front of the computer case connect to the motherboard to allow the power, reset, and LED lights to function. Power from the power supply is delivered to the motherboard by use of a specially designed port.

    Also on the front of the motherboard are a number of peripheral card slots. These slots are where most video cards, sound cards, and other expansion cards are connected to the motherboard.

    On the left side of the motherboard (the side that faces the back end of the desktop case) are a number of ports. These ports allow most of the computer's external peripherals to connect such as the monitor, keyboard, mouse, speakers, network cable and more.

    All modern motherboards also include USB ports, and increasingly other ports like HDMI and FireWire, that allow compatible devices to connect to your computer when you need them - devices like digital cameras, printers, etc.
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    Another concern is the speed of the PCIe slots. Regular expansion cards that do not require a lot of bandwidth may require PCIe x1, or PCIE x4 slots, while most modern graphics cards are going to need the extra bandwidth found in PCIe x8 and PCIe x16 slots. Most enthusiast grade boards will have at least one or two slots rated for PCIe x16, but keep in mind that many boards with PCIe slots capable of x16 will downgrade to x8 when using multiple graphics cards. If this is a concern, you should check the specifications of the motherboard very closely. To get the absolute most out of a high end graphics card, x16 is what you want, however boards with dual active x16 PCIe lanes tend to be somewhat rare and can be very expensive. The return on the investment of a true dual x16 board may not be worth the extra 1%-5% gain in graphics performance that you can expect.

    Be sure your mainboard has a 4x AGP video slot or better. Once you’ve selected a mainboard, follow the advice in the chapter about purchasing components. Search for reviews of that mainboard on google.com. You can also visit the manufacturer’s website and download a full mainboard manual to read about its capabilities.

    Motherboards have evolved quite a bit over their lifespan. In the early days, on up to the mid 90’s motherboards had limited built in devices and relied heavily on add-in cards via expansion slots. As time went on, more and more of the functions of these add-in cards became integrated directly into the motherboard, such as the storage, network and audio controllers that we find built into modern motherboards. For most people, the built in functionality of these devices are more than sufficient for their needs, however you can still find standalone add-in cards for things like LAN, storage, and audio (among other things) which offer advanced functionality over the built in devices. In more recent times, we have seen many functions of the motherboard migrate to the CPU, such as cache memory, and many functions of the north bridge area of the chipset, including the memory controller, and even GPU (graphics processing unit) with some CPUs. Corsair actually started out selling CPU Cache memory modules, you can see an old magazine advertisement for them below.

    How many non-graphics cards do you plan on using? They usually fit into PCIe 8x, 4x, 1x, or sometimes even legacy PCI slots. Does the board you want have the correct number of slots? Also keep in mind that most graphics cards will occupy two or even three expansion slots, which may end up blocking some of the smaller slots on the board.
    How many PCIe Lanes do you need? Motherboards only provide you with so many PCIe lanes (electrical pathways exposed by the CPU and chipset), and each motherboard can divide them up in different ways between the available slots. Nvidia GPUs need at least eight lanes each to function properly, and AMD GPUs require a minimum of four lanes each to run at maximum speed, and SATA Express ports generally require two lanes each. It's important to check the motherboard's specifications as well as our motherboard reviews to find out how this may affect your build.

    If on-board graphics are used, how many display outputs are required. Some motherboard manufacturers are also starting to eliminate VGA ports from their newer boards, so take note of which type of ports you need and plan accordingly. Additionally, most on-board graphics processors only support a maximum of two or three displays, so be sure to read the board’s specifications table to ensure it meets your needs.

    Your computer’s motherboard is a critical component that places many boundaries on what upgrades you can and can’t install. Motherboards have a reputation for being finicky to troubleshoot, however, which keeps some PC enthusiasts fearful of ever touching it.

    Not to worry though, because five of the most common problems that you can run into while upgrading your motherboard can be fixed. All you need is a little patience. We’ll show you how here.

    Although most motherboard VRM designs up through the Pentium III and Athlon/Duron use 5v-based regulators, a transition is underway to use 12v-powered regulators. This is because the higher voltage will significantly reduce the current draw. As an example, using the same 65W AMD Athlon 1GHz CPU, you end up with the levels of draw at the various voltages shown in Table 3.5.

    Cache memory is a small block of high-speed memory (RAM) that enhances PC performance by pre-loading information from the (relatively slow) main memory and passing it to the processor on demand.

    Most CPUs have an internal cache memory (built into the processor) which is referred to as Level 1 or primary cache memory. This can be supplemented by external cache memory fitted on the motherboard. This is the Level 2 or secondary cache.

    While the processor, graphics card, and even the RAM speak directly to questions around performance, the motherboard will answer the more fundamental question of what you can run on your PC. Hardware compatibility centers around the motherboard, because it is the body of a PC, into which all other parts must fit.
    As recently as ten years ago, demanding software (whether business titles or games) often needed all components to meet very specific minimum requirements in order to run properly. You chose those parts, then tried to find a motherboard that was compatible with all of them. That's rare today. Pick a program, any program, and regardless of what the benchmarks say, almost any motherboard will accept parts fast enough or big enough to run that software well.

    Maybe your pockets aren’t quite that deep, and you're looking for a nice, lower-tier PC to break into the world of computer gaming. Or, perhaps your primary concern is fitting the motherboard into a really cool case, everything else be damned.

    You probably guessed by the name, but the Micro ATX form factor is smaller than standard ATX, but there's still a lot to it. The biggest disadvantage to a Micro ATX board is lack of multiple GPU options. The MSI B150M Mortar supports AMD's Crossfire standard for multiple GPUs, but not Nvidia's SLI. Not too big of a ding against it, but definitely something to keep in mind.

    The motherboard is arguably one of the most important parts of any build because of the functionality (or sometimes lack thereof) that it brings with it. Since the motherboard is responsible for connecting and communicating between all of the other parts in the computer, picking the right motherboard is essential to the success of any build. If you already know what your needs are, and just need help choosing the best model, then our Best Motherboards column is a great place to start. If you’re just starting out and need some more assistance, then our Beginner’s Guide to Motherboard Selection, along with the information below should provide most of the information you need to get started.

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    Aside from the lack of SLI support, the B150M Mortar is a solid motherboard, supporting up to 64GB of DDR4-2133 memory. Oh, it also has LEDs to backlight it inside your case. Say whatever you want about gaming culture, LEDs are always cool. Always. The Mortar Arctic version is essentially the same board but in digital snow-camouflage.

    As long as the blue and brown wires are on the one set of tabs and the black and white leads are on the other, the switch and supply will work properly. If you incorrectly mix the leads, you will likely blow the circuit breaker for the wall socket because mixing them can create a direct short circuit.

    All ATX and subsequent power supplies that employ the 20-pin motherboard connector use the PS_ON signal to power up the system. As a result, the remote switch does not physically control the power supply's access to the 110v AC power, as in the older-style power supplies. Instead, the power supply's on or off status is toggled by a PS_ON signal received on pin 14 of the ATX connector.

    The PS_ON signal can be generated physically by the computer's power switch or electronically by the operating system. PS_ON is an active low signal, meaning that the power supply voltage outputs are disabled (the system is off) when the PS_ON is high (greater than or equal to 2.0v). This excludes the +5VSB (standby) on pin 9, which is active whenever the power supply is connected to an AC power source. The PS_ON signal is maintained by the power supply at either 3.3v or 5v. This signal is then routed through the motherboard to the remote switch on the front of the case. When the switch is pressed, the PS_ON signal is grounded. When the power supply sees the PS_ON signal drop to 0.8v or less, the power supply (and system) is turned on. Thus, the remote switch in an ATX-style system (which includes NLX and SFX systems as well) carries up to only +5v of DC power, rather than the full 115v–230v AC current like that of the older AT/LPX form factors.

    During the late and early , it became economical to move an increasing number of peripheral functions onto the motherboard. In the late 1980s, personal computer motherboards began to include single ICs (also called Super I/O chips) capable of supporting a set of low-speed peripherals: keyboard, mouse, floppy disk drive, serial ports, and parallel ports. By the late 1990s, many personal computer motherboards included consumer grade embedded audio, video, storage, and networking functions without the need for any expansion cards at all; higher-end systems for 3D gaming and computer graphics typically retained only the graphics card as a separate component. Business PCs, workstations, and servers were more likely to need expansion cards, either for more robust functions, or for higher speeds; those systems often had fewer embedded components.

    Laptop and notebook computers that were developed in the 1990s integrated the most common peripherals. This even included motherboards with no upgradeable components, a trend that would continue as smaller systems were introduced after the turn of the century (like the tablet computer and the netbook). Memory, processors, network controllers, power source, and storage would be integrated into some systems.

    The key to navigating the motherboard maze is mapping where you want to take your system. It starts with size. How small does your computer need to be? When it comes to motherboards, bigger is better, roughly up to a full-sized ATX. Go with the biggest board your case can comfortably accommodate; don’t let the novelty of a small board tempt you unless absolutely necessary, or novelty is the part of the mission plan.

    Why? Smaller boards cost more, provide fewer features, and just aren’t as stable as big ones. Unless there’s a specific reason to go ITX, it’s better to avoid them for gaming. Larger boards are easier to work with, provide better voltage regulation, and offer niceties like room for serious graphics cards, slots for M.2 drives, and extra RAM capacity. You also avoid the skinned knuckles and high blood pressure inherent in every tight build.

    Also known as the microprocessor or the processor, the CPU is the computer's brain. It is responsible for fetching, decoding, and executing program instructions as well as performing mathematical and logical calculations.

    Your computer’s motherboard is a critical component that places many boundaries on what upgrades you can and can’t install. Motherboards have a reputation for being finicky to troubleshoot, however, which keeps some PC enthusiasts fearful of ever touching it.

    Not to worry though, because five of the most common problems that you can run into while upgrading your motherboard can be fixed. All you need is a little patience. We’ll show you how here.

    Gigabyte's more affordable option (at $54.99) is a solid start for those seeking to build a new PC without forking out on expensive components with features they may never take advantage of. You have support for sixth-gen Intel processors, dual-channel DDR4 RAM, audio noise guard and high-quality capacitors, HDMI out and Realtek GbE LAN.

    Bottom line: If you have little interest in overclocking and want something affordable, the H110M-A is a great option.

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    CQ890-67023 Main Logic PC Board for the HP Designjet T520 Printer Parts
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    In modern computers, Levels 1 and 2 cache memory are built into the processor die. If a third cache is implemented outside the die, it is referred to as the Level 3 (L3) cache.

    But aside from price and more available USB ports, the Fatal1ty Z170 supports Quad SLI or 3-Way Crossfire, which makes it a solid choice if you want to throw caution to the wind and fill your case with as many as 4 GPUs.

    Motherboards are generally air cooled with heat sinks often mounted on larger chips, such as the Northbridge, in modern motherboards.[5] Insufficient or improper cooling can cause damage to the internal components of the computer, or cause it to crash. Passive cooling, or a single fan mounted on the power supply, was sufficient for many desktop computer CPU's until the late 1990s; since then, most have required CPU fans mounted on their heat sinks, due to rising clock speeds and power consumption. Most motherboards have connectors for additional case fans and integrated temperature sensors to detect motherboard and CPU temperatures and controllable fan connectors which the BIOS or operating system can use to regulate fan speed.[6] Alternatively computers can use a water cooling system instead of many fans.

    Some small form factor computers and home theater PCs designed for quiet and energy-efficient operation boast fan-less designs. This typically requires the use of a low-power CPU, as well as careful layout of the motherboard and other components to allow for heat sink placement.

    Building your own PC is a rewarding experience for anyone interested in computers, especially considering it’s the easiest it’s ever been. Because of online resources like PCPartPicker, knowing which components meld together best is a concern of the past.

    If you've already fallen victim to this nasty circumstance, believe me, I feel your pain. I discovered this the hard way as well—by frying parts. At first, I thought the upgraded power supply I installed in one of my Dell systems was bad, especially considering the dramatic way it smoked when I turned on the system: I actually saw fire through the vents! Good thing I decided to check the color codes on the connectors and verify the pinout on another Dell system by using a voltmeter before I installed and fried a second supply. I was lucky in that the smoked supply didn't take the motherboard with it; I can only surmise that the supply fried so quickly it sacrificed itself and saved the motherboard. You might not be so lucky, and in most cases I'd expect you'd fry the board and supply together.

    Call me a fool, but I didn't think I'd have to check the color-coding or get out my voltmeter to verify the Dell "pseudo-ATX" power connector pinouts before I installed a new ATX supply or motherboard. You'll also find that motherboard and power supply manufacturers don't like to replace these items under warranty when they are fried in this manner due to nonstandard connector wiring.

    Dell's official explanation for its lack of conformance to the ATX standard was, "In the mid-90s the industry moved to a higher use of 3.3v motherboard components. Dell engineers designed a connector that supported the increased use of 3.3v current which differed from the industry proposed designs that we deemed less than robust." Unfortunately, this explanation doesn't hold much water because the standard ATX connector incorporated three 3.3v pins, allowing for up to 18A of current, and the addition of the Auxiliary Connector added two more pins with 10A of additional current. Dell's pseudo-ATX design had only three 3.3v pins in the Auxiliary Connector, which could supply only up to 15A to the board. You can see that even the main ATX Connector alone had more 3.3v current than Dell's design using two connectors!

    Because its technical explanation fails to address the issue, the only other reason I can imagine it did this is to lock people into purchasing replacement motherboards or power supplies from Dell. What makes this worse is that Dell uses virtually all Intel-manufactured boards in its systems. One system I have uses an Intel D815EEA motherboard, which is the same board used by many of the other major system builders, including Gateway and Micron. It's the same, except for the power connectors, that is. The difference is that Dell has Intel custom-make the boards for Dell with the nonstandard connectors. Everybody else gets virtually the same Intel boards, but with industry-standard connectors.

    The motherboard, specifically, determines the compatibility and upgradeability of your PC. In other words, you’ll want to buy only the best motherboard if you plan on future-proofing. The top-of-the-line motherboards, for instance, support SLI configurations with up to four graphics cards.

    No segment of the motherboard market shows the upward surge in pricing better than Z270's high-end products. This is clearly where all the manufacturers want to play, and fierce competition for enthusiast dollars at this level is one of the reasons the gaming hardware market is booming.

    ASUS traditionally does very well here, but that gap has closed with each generation since Sandy Bridge. Profitable markets mean everyone is stepping up their game for a piece of the action, and the result is the near-tie photo finish victory for ASUS's Maximus IX Formula over MSI’s Z270 XPower Titanium. ASUS keeps its crown for another cycle, but it's anybody's game from here on

    Yes, although the board is often referred to as a logic board and not a motherboard. The logic board is very similar to a motherboard and operates the same way. However, because of size requirements with most logic boards, the components like the processor and RAM (in tablets and smartphones) are soldered onto the board. Also, because many of these devices have no upgrade options, there are no slots or sockets that would support a replacement or upgrade of components like a traditional computer motherboard.

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    Main logic PC board C8099-67020 for the HP DeskJet 1220C/PS printer parts main board
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    Main logic PC board C8099-67020 for the HP DeskJet 1220C/PS printer parts main board
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    Random Access Memory, or RAM, usually refers to computer chips that temporarily store dynamic data to enhance computer performance while you are working.

    In other words, it is the working place of your computer, where active programs and data are loaded so that any time time the processor requires them, it doesn't have to fetch them from the hard disk.

    Random access memory is volatile, meaning it loses its contents once power is turned off. This is different from non-volatile memory, such as hard disks and flash memory, which do not require a power source to retain data.

    As motherboards and processors evolved, the need for power became greater. In particular, chipsets and DIMMs were designed to run on 3.3v, increasing the current demand at that voltage. In addition, most boards included CPU voltage regulators designed to convert +5v power into the unique voltage levels required by the processors the board supported. Eventually, the high current demands on the +3.3v and +5v outputs were proving too much for the number and gauge of the wires used. Melted connectors were becoming more and more common as these wires overheated under these loads.

    Finally, Intel modified the ATX specification to add a second power connector for ATX motherboards and supplies. The criteria was that if the motherboard needed more than 18A of +3.3v power, or more than 24A of +5v power, an auxiliary connector would be defined to carry the additional load. These higher levels of power are normally necessary in systems using 250-watt to 300-watt or greater supplies.

    When a computer shuts down properly, all data located in RAM is returned back to permanent storage on the hard drive or flash drive. At the next boot-up, RAM begins to fill with programs automatically loaded at startup, a process called booting. Later on, the user opens other files and programs that are still loaded in the memory.

    Astudy found that some spurious computer crashes and general reliability issues, ranging from screen image distortions to I/O read/write errors, can be attributed not to software or peripheral hardware but to aging capacitors on PC motherboards.[7] Ultimately this was shown to be the result of a faulty electrolyte formulation,[8] an issue termed capacitor plague.

    Pairing up a Core i5 6600K, comfortably bumped to around 4.6GHz, with a GTX 1070 would result in a very powerful mid-tier gaming PC. Spend a bit more on an i7 and GTX 1080, and you'll be future proofing for stunning 1440p and 4K experiences, not to mention virtual reality gaming. Utilizing all available features of the Z170 Gaming Pro also makes for a PC that doesn't create a similar ambiance to that of a busy runway.

    It's a solid board and one we recommend for new builds that aren't to break FPS records in newer, more demanding titles.

    Now you've got a list of motherboards compatible with your CPU—and the board's size is the next consideration. This decision will be largely dictated by how big of a motherboard your computer case can accept. Most cases are designed for ATX form factor motherboards, but some can fit smaller mATX motherboards, and yet others can fit even smaller ITX motherboards. You need to limit your motherboard search to only the motherboards that can fit into your computer’s case.

    Remember, the motherboard connects to the CPU, RAM, HDD, GPU, and other hardware, so it’s not only important to ensure compatibility, but also that you aren’t experiencing a bottleneck in the system somewhere.

    No matter how fast your CPU/motherboard combination is, it’s still reliant on existing adapter cards that control sound, video, storage, and processing speed (as it relates to RAM). If any of these items are on their last leg, incompatible, or lagging behind in performance, your entire machine can slow to a crawl with or without the new CPU/motherboard combo.

    The next step is to decide on a brand of motherboard. Nowadays, motherboards are more alike than they are different. You should not expect to see major differences in performance, power consumption, or overclocking between similarly priced motherboards from different vendors. They do however differ in color scheme, I/O capabilities, and expansion slot layouts.

    Standard motherboards use electrolytic capacitors to filter the DC power distributed around the board. These capacitors age at a temperature-dependent rate, as their water based electrolytes slowly evaporate. This can lead to loss of capacitance and subsequent motherboard malfunctions due to voltage instabilities. While most capacitors are rated for 2000 hours of operation at 105 °C (221 °F),[9] their expected design life roughly doubles for every 10 °C (18 °F) below this. At 65 °C (149 °F) a lifetime of 3 to 4 years can be expected. However, many manufacturers deliver substandard capacitors,[10] which significantly reduce life expectancy. Inadequate case cooling and elevated temperatures around the CPU socket exacerbate this problem. With top blowers, the motherboard components can be kept under 95 °C (203 °F), effectively doubling the motherboard lifetime.

    The motherboards recommended in this guide all received various forms of hands-on evaluation including enclosure installation (full tower, mid-tower, and test bench where applicable), performance benchmarking, stability testing, and a follow up period of real-world break-in usage that focuses on gaming, entertainment, and media software.

    When possible, all tests are performed with the same components installed to remove any variables except the motherboard itself. We also researched the entire field of gaming motherboards and narrowed the list down to the best, most competitive boards before choosing these to test.

    Mid-range and high-end motherboards on the other hand use solid capacitors exclusively. For every 10 °C less, their average lifespan is multiplied approximately by three, resulting in a 6-times higher lifetime expectancy at 65 °C (149 °F).[11] These capacitors may be rated for 5000, 10000 or 12000 hours of operation at 105 °C (221 °F), extending the projected lifetime in comparison with standard solid capacitors.

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    The motherboard (under operating system control) can use the FanC signal with variable voltages to control the operation of the power supply's fan, shifting it into a low power state or shutting it off completely when the system is in sleep or standby mode. The ATX standard specifies that a voltage of +1v or less indicates that the fan is to shut down, whereas +10.5v or more instructs the fan to operate at full speed. The system designer can define intermediate voltages to operate variable-speed fans at various levels. If the power supply does not include a variable-speed fan circuit, any voltage level higher than +1v on the FanC signal is interpreted as a command to run the fan at its full (and only) speed.

    The 1394 connectors are for powering an optional IEEE-1394 (FireWire or iLink) bus on a motherboard. The 1394V pin provides voltages from 8v to 40v to run FireWire peripherals off the bus, and the 1394R pin is a return or ground line for this power circuit. This separate power rail keeps the 1394 bus power separate from the system main power to prevent interference.

    It is securely attached via small screws through pre-drilled holes.

    The Z170 Pro Gaming board by ASUS is a mid-range motherboard for gamers and PC owners who require a little more out of their installed components. Coupling some advanced features found on the board itself, the company has paired everything up with its powerful BIOS and accompanying software suite.

    Not only does it look the part, there's a lot of functionality here too. ASUS has shielded the audio to better protect channels against interference, there are on-board LEDs that have been tested to prove the addition of 5 frames per second (FPS) in all games, and there's ample room to fit custom water cooling around the chipset shrouds. As for raw specifications, here's what the board packs and supports:

    The front of the motherboard contains ports that all of the internal components connect to. A single socket/slot houses the CPU. Multiple slots allow for one or more memory modules to be attached. Other ports reside on the motherboard, and these allow the hard drive and optical drive (and floppy drive if present) to connect via data cables.

    Still stuck on Sandy Bridge? Staying faithful to that fading Phenom II? Don't worry, the cavalry has arrived. After a bumpy early start for Intel's 1151 and AMD's AM4 sockets, the promise of both platforms is starting to be realized with a new generation of processor and chipsets. It's finally time to put that old warhorse out to pasture.

    Replacing a PC’s motherboard takes time and more than a little sweat, especially if you've never done it before. You could trip on any number of little hurdles during the motherboard removal and installation process. But don’t worry! We’ll help you get through the process as quickly and painlessly as possible.

    Let’s start with why you’d even want or need to replace your motherboard. (If you’re simply looking for instructions on how to install a motherboard in a new PC, scroll down a bit.)

    Sometimes components fail. Motherboards are no exception. I’ve fried many a motherboard thanks to bad BIOS flashes and failing or flaky power supplies. Things happen, and sometimes those things can irreparably damage your motherboard.

    But replacing a motherboard is a lot of work. Before you start, you want to make very, very sure that your motherboard is broken. Step one is using one of these handy troubleshooting flow charts to make sure your motherboard is truly the culprit. Assuming your motherboard is confirmed dead, it’s time to consider a replacement.

    The charge started with a revitalized socket 1151 after Skylake's lackluster launch. The updated Z270 platform gained better overclocking controls, more M.2 slots, better LED implementations, neutral color styles, and widespread adoption of Realtek's new ALC1220 audio codec. Stability is better on Z270 also, with shorter boot times, better memory performance, and lower operating temperatures.

    The real excitement however is that Intel is just half the story. AMD's AM4 platform and Ryzen processor line have finally arrived and, after overcoming some launch stumbles of their own, are establishing themselves in Team Red's traditional "bang for the buck" role.

    Prior to the invention of the microprocessor, a digital computer consisted of multiple printed circuit boards in a card-cage case with components connected by a backplane, a set of interconnected sockets. In very old designs, copper wires were the discrete connections between card connector pins, but printed circuit boards soon became the standard practice. The Central Processing Unit (CPU), memory, and peripherals were housed on individual printed circuit boards, which were plugged into the backplane. The ubiquitous S-100 bus of the 1970s is an example of this type of backplane system.

    The most popular computers of the such as the Apple II and IBM PC had published schematic diagrams and other documentation which permitted rapid reverse-engineering and third-party replacement motherboards. Usually intended for building new computers compatible with the exemplars, many motherboards offered additional performance or other features and were used to upgrade the manufacturer's original equipment.

    Here, we see some PCIe slots. Top to bottom, they (and their most common usages) are X16 (for graphics cards), X8 (also for graphics cards when more than one is used), and X4 (RAID cards, PCIe SSDs). In addition, even shorter X1 slots are more commonly available, for wireless NICs and port expansion, including USB, SATA, and legacy port types.

    he ASUS Z170 Pro Gaming motherboard is a solid investment for gamers who are looking to take their Intel-powered experiences to the next level. Sporting support for DDR4 RAM, Intel's next-gen Kaby Lake processors, as well as quality components and tools for easy overclocking, the Z170 Pro Gaming by ASUS is a great mid-range solution. This board will set you back $164.98.

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    here is no set standard to how many connections, ports, or expansion slots are on a motherboard. The best method of determining how many connections, ports, or slots are available for your motherboard is to look up the specifications contained in its documentation. If you've lost or discarded your motherboard's documentation, you can often download a free PDF version from the manufacturer's website.

    This is the budget-rig choice if you don't want to concern yourself with anything more than a single graphics card. If you dig around, you could probably grab yourself one for less than $49/£59, and at that price, who cares if you can't jam a bunch of GPUs on there?

    One big advantage the M5A78L-M has, in addition to its price, is onboard graphics. It has ATI Radeon HD 3000 built right in, which is pretty awesome if you're building your PC piecemeal. If you don't want to drop the money on a graphics card, you still get to use your PC. Granted, you won't get much in the way of gaming until you save up enough for that Nvidia GTX 1080, but if you also use the PC for basic internet and desktop applications, it's a great choice.

    The desktop motherboard and case are designed so that when peripheral cards are used, the sides of the cards fit just outside the back end, making their ports available for use.

    Poor cooling mechanisms in place for the motherboard can damage the hardware attached to it. This is why high performance devices like the CPU and high-end video cards are usually cooled with heat sinks, and integrated sensors are often used to detect the temperature and communicate with the BIOS or operating system to regular the fan speed.

    Be sure to use your motherboard’s standoff screws so it doesn’t directly touch the case wall. If you forget to use your standoffs, you risk frying the motherboard when you power up your PC. (Some computer cases come with raised mounting points preinstalled.)

    Reuse the screws that held your old motherboard in place to secure your new motherboard. Follow this up by reconnecting the two power connectors (24-pin and 8-pin) that you removed earlier. Now plug the SATA cables back in and slot your expansion cards back into place. Double-check that all of the internal cables in your PC are connected correctly and that everything is seated firmly in place. Reconnect all of the external cables that were connected to your PC before you took it apart, and power it on.

    Devices connected to a motherboard often need device drivers manually installed in order to make them work with the operating system. See How to Update Drivers in Windows if you need help.


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