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Hard disk drives were introduced in 1956 as data storage for an IBM real-time transaction processing computer, and were developed for use with general-purpose mainframe and minicomputers. The first IBM drive, the 350 RAMAC in 1956, was approximately the size of two medium-sized refrigerators and stored five million six-bit characters (3.75 megabytes)[12] on a stack of 50 disks.[27]

In 1962 the IBM 350 RAMAC disk storage unit was superseded by the IBM 1301 disk storage unit,[28] which consisted of 50 platters, each about 1/8-inch thick and 24 inches in diameter.[29] Whereas the IBM 350 used only two read/write heads which were pneumatically actuated[27] and moved in two dimensions, the 1301 was one of the first disk storage units to use an array of heads, one per platter, moving as a single unit. Cylinder-mode read/write operations were supported, and the heads flew about 250 micro-inches (about 6 µm) above the platter surface. Motion of the head array depended upon a binary adder system of hydraulic actuators which assured repeatable positioning. The 1301 cabinet was about the size of three home refrigerators placed side by side, storing the equivalent of about 21 million eight-bit bytes. Access time was about a quarter of a second.

The traditional spinning hard drive is the basic nonvolatile storage on a computer. That is, information on it doesn't "go away" when you turn off the system, as is the case with data stored in RAM. A hard drive is essentially a metal platter with a magnetic coating that stores your data, whether weather reports from the last century, a high-definition copy of the original Star Wars trilogy, or your digital music collection. A read/write head on an arm accesses the data while the platters are spinning.

An SSD does functionally everything a hard drive does, but data is instead stored on interconnected flash memory chips that retain the data even when there's no power present. The chips can either be permanently installed on the system's motherboard (as on some small laptops and ultraportables), on a PCI Express (PCIe) card (in some high-end workstations and an increasing number of bleeding-edge consumer systems), or in a box that's sized, shaped, and wired to slot in for a laptop or desktop's hard drive (common on everything else). These flash memory chips are of a different type than is used in USB thumb drives, and are typically faster and more reliable. SSDs are consequently more expensive than USB thumb drives of the same capacities.

Don't wait until you're running out of space on your computer to get a good external hard drive. While owning one is a great way to expand your storage capacity, it's also an essential way to back up files with a local copy, rather than relying solely on cloud storage.

External hard drives are more affordable than ever, but the multitude of options available can be a little confusing. Here are eight drives that should fit all kinds of storage needs, whether you're looking for something small and portable or a colossal drive you're unlikely to ever fill up.

Also in , IBM introduced the model 1311 disk drive, which was about the size of a washing machine and stored two million characters on a removable disk pack. Users could buy additional packs and interchange them as needed, much like reels of magnetic tape. Later models of removable pack drives, from IBM and others, became the norm in most computer installations and reached capacities of 300 megabytes by the early 1980s. Non-removable HDDs were called "fixed disk" drives.

Some high-performance HDDs were manufactured with one head per track (e.g. IBM 2305 in 1970) so that no time was lost physically moving the heads to a track.[30] Known as fixed-head or head-per-track disk drives they were very expensive and are no longer in production.[31]

Hard drive technology is relatively ancient (in terms of computer history, anyway). There are well-known pictures of the infamous IBM 350 RAMAC hard drive from 1956 that used 50 24-inch-wide platters to hold a whopping 3.75MB of storage space. This, of course, is the size of an average 128Kbps MP3 file today, in the physical space that could hold two commercial refrigerators. The RAMAC 350 was only limited to government and industrial uses, and was obsolete by 1969. Ain't progress wonderful? The PC hard drive form factor standardized at 5.25 inches in the early 1980s, with the 3.5-inch desktop-class and 2.5-inch notebook-class drives coming soon thereafter. The internal

The rate of areal density growth has dropped below the historical Moore's law rate of 40% per year, and the deceleration is expected to persist through at least 2020. Depending upon assumptions on feasibility and timing of these technologies, the median forecast by industry observers and analysts for 2020 and beyond for areal density growth is 20% per year with a range of 10–30%.[80][81][82][83] The achievable limit for the HAMR technology in combination with BPR and SMR may be 10 Tbit/in2,[84] which would be 20 times higher than the 500 Gbit/in2 represented by 2013 production desktop HDDs. As of, HAMR HDDs have been delayed several years, and are expected in 2018. They require a different architecture, with redesigned media and read/write heads, new lasers, and new near-field optical transducers.[85]
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cable interface has changed from serial to IDE (now frequently called parallel ATA, or PATA) to SCSI to serial ATA (SATA) over the years, but each essentially does the same thing: connect the hard drive to the PC's motherboard so your data can be processed. Today's 2.5- and 3.5-inch drives mainly use SATA interfaces (at least on most PCs and Macs), though some high-speed SSDs use the faster PCIe interface instead. Capacities have grown from multiple megabytes to multiple terabytes, more than a million-fold increase. Current 3.5-inch hard drives have capacities as high as 10TB, with consumer-oriented 2.5-inch drives maxing out at 4TB.

The SSD has a much shorter history. There was always an infatuation with nonmoving storage from the beginning of personal computing, with technologies like bubble memory flashing (pun intended) and dying in the 1970s and 1980s. Current flash memory is the logical extension of the same idea, as it doesn't require constant power to retain the data you store on it. The first primary drives that we know as SSDs started during the rise of netbooks in the late 2000s. In 2007, the OLPC XO-1 used a 1GB SSD, and the Asus Eee PC 700 series used a 2GB SSD as primary storage. The SSD chips on low-end Eee PC units and the XO-1 were permanently soldered to the motherboard. As netbooks and other ultraportable laptop PCs became more capable, SSD capacities increased and eventually

To guarantee that those important files are never lost, make sure you have the right amount of storage when backing–up or transfering files.

Choose from a wide range of devices. Whether it's something capable of holding heaps data, or more portable, our step–by–step buying guides on storage and networking will help you make the right decision.

An SSD doesn't have to expend electricity spinning up a platter from a standstill. Consequently, none of the energy consumed by the SSD is wasted as friction or noise, rendering them more efficient. On a desktop or in a server, that will lead to a lower energy bill. On a laptop or tablet, you'll be able to eke out more minutes (or hours) of battery life.

An overbuilt rugged hard drive may be overdoing it for some users, but these drives can provide some extra peace of mind if you're regularly tossing the drive into a laptop bag or using it in less-than-ideal conditions. CalDigit's Tuff portable drive impressed PCMag with its combination of features and relatively good value for a rugged drive. It claims to be both waterproof and dustproof, and promises to survive drops up to four feet. You'll also get both USB 3.0 and USB-C cables, which can be stored along with the drive itself in an included storage box for some added protection.

Overall: Hard drives win on price, capacity, and availability. SSDs work best if speed, ruggedness, form factor, noise, or fragmentation (technically part of speed) are important factors to you. If it weren't for the price and capacity issues, SSDs would be the hands-down winner.

In Windows 7, click Start. Next, right-click Computer, manufacturing PCB assembly then click Manage. The "Computer Management" window will open.

While much of the world is moving toward cloud storage, a great external hard drive can still be an extremely helpful tool, especially if your internet connection is spotty or you simply want to move files around without having to rely on cloud storage.

Of course, there are a ton of external hard drives to choose from, and they’re not all equal. A lot of work and development has gone into building on storage technology over the last few years, and as such, they’ve gotten a lot better.

There were a total 375 drive failures in Q1. A drive is considered failed if one or more of the following conditions are met:

If your drive isn't partitioned, follow these instructions to partition it. Otherwise, skip down to the next section.

The drive, by default, is formatted for Windows computers, though you can reformat it to work better on Macs if you need it to. Perhaps the best thing about the drive, however, is its price. The $119.99 price tag for a 4TB drive is far better than what you would find from many other brands. Its 4.3 star average on Amazon is pretty nice, too.

There are a few negatives to consider here. manufacturing PCB assembly As mentioned, it’s formatted by default for Windows machines, so if you’re a Mac owner who's not comfortable with reformatting a hard drive, you may want to look elsewhere. Not only that, but some users have noted reliability issues, so if you do go for this drive you should definitely follow the rule of always having two copies of your data in different locations.

For the most part, this is a great option for people who need a ton of storage for high-capacity files.

In 2013, Seagate introduced one such technology, shingled magnetic recording (SMR).[68] Additionally, SMR comes with design complexities that may cause reduced write performance.[69][70] Other new recording technologies that, as of, still remain under development include heat-assisted magnetic recording (HAMR),[71][72] microwave-assisted magnetic recording (MAMR),[73][74] two-dimensional magnetic recording (TDMR),[66][75] bit-patterned recording (BPR),[76] and "current perpendicular to plane" giant magnetoresistance (CPP/GMR) heads.[77][78][79]
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When you find yourself running out of hard drive space, you can either delete something or add some more space. While an external USB hard drive is an easy plug and play option, it’s not really ideal – they take up disk space, possibly an extra power socket, use up a valuable USB port, and are generally slower than internal drives. Let’s take a look today at the more difficult option of adding a second internal drive.

Now would be a great time to familiarize manufacturing PCB assembly yourself with the basics of your computer. We’ll be focusing only on the hard drive today, but the guide will give you a great overview on all the random sockets and ports you’ll see on the motherboard once you’ve cracked it open.

In Windows 8, right-click the Windows button, and select Disk Management.

It is too early to compare failure rates – The oldest enterprise drives have only been in service for about 2 months, with most being placed into service just prior to the end of Q1. The Backblaze Vaults the enterprise drives reside in have yet to fill up with data. We’ll need at least 6 months before we could start comparing failure rates as the data is still too volatile. For example, if the current enterprise drives were to experience just 2 failures in Q2, their annualized failure rate would be about 0.57% lifetime.

The enterprise drives load data faster – The Backblaze Vaults containing the enterprise drives, loaded data faster than the Backblaze Vaults containing consumer drives. The vaults with the enterprise drives loaded on average 140 TB per day, while the vaults with the consumer drives loaded on average 100 TB per day.

The enterprise drives use more power – No manufacturing PCB assembly surprise here as according to the Seagate specifications the enterprise drives use 9W average in idle and 10W average in operation. While the consumer drives use 7.2W average in idle and 9W average in operation. For a single drive this may seem insignificant, but when you put 60 drives in a 4U Storage Pod chassis and then 10 chassis in a rack, the difference adds up quickly.

If your disk is not initialized (as is sometimes the case with brand-new drives), you’ll be prompted to initialize it. If your disk is 2TB or more in size, select GPT; otherwise, stick with MBR.

A list of all connected disk drives is displayed in the center. Unpartitioned drives appear with solid black bars and the label "Unallocated." Partitioned drives appear with solid blue bars and a drive letter.

standardized on the 2.5-inch notebook form factor. This way, you could pop a 2.5-inch hard drive out of your laptop or desktop and replace it easily with an SSD. Other form factors emerged, like the mSATA Mini PCIe SSD card, M.2 SSD in SATA and PCIe variants, and the DIMM-like solid-state Flash Storage in the Apple MacBook Air and MacBook Pro, but today many SSDs still use the 2.5-inch form factor. The 2.5-inch SSD capacity currently tops out at 4TB, but a 60TB version for enterprise devices like servers was released by Seagate in

In , IBM introduced a new type of HDD code-named "Winchester". Its primary distinguishing feature was that the disk heads were not withdrawn completely from the stack of disk platters when the drive was powered down. manufacturing PCB assembly Instead, the heads were allowed to "land" on a special area of the disk surface upon spin-down, "taking off" again when the disk was later powered on. This greatly reduced the cost of the head actuator mechanism, but precluded removing just the disks from the drive as was done with the disk packs of the day. Instead, the first models of "Winchester technology" drives featured a removable disk module, which included both the disk pack and the head assembly, leaving the actuator motor in the drive upon removal. Later "Winchester" drives abandoned the removable media concept and returned to non-removable platters.

The hard disk drive is the main, and usually largest, data storage hardware device in a computer. The operating system, software titles, and most other files are stored in the hard disk drive.

The hard drive is sometimes referred to as the "C drive" due to the fact that Microsoft Windows designates the "C" drive letter to the primary partition on the primary hard drive in a computer by default.

Like the first removable pack drive, the first "Winchester" drives used platters 14 inches (360 mm) in diameter. A few years later, designers were exploring the possibility that physically smaller platters might offer advantages. Drives with non-removable eight-inch platters appeared, and then drives that used a 5 1⁄4 in (130 mm) form factor (a mounting width equivalent to that used by contemporary floppy disk drives). The latter were manufacturing PCB assembly primarily intended for the then-fledgling manufacturing PCB assembly personal computer (PC) market.

Some hard drives can take either kind of cable, but the SATA type are easier to plug in so I use those if available. If you have a spare power cable but it isn’t SATA, you can still get a second drive but you’ll need to make sure it can accept a MOLEX type power cable, or you can get a MOLEX to SATA adapter for under $10.

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Right-click the black bar or the unallocated white space below it and select New Simple Volume… Don't be dissuaded by the word, "Volume." It's just another term for "partition". Click Next.

To create a single, whole-drive partition, make sure the "Simple volume size in MB" value is the same as the "Maximum disk space in MB" value. Click Next.

Once your drive is partitioned, each partition will have to be formatted with a filesystem. Luckily, the Disk Management utility makes this really easy.

The hard drive is what stores all your data. It houses the hard disk, where all your files and folders are physically located. A typical hard drive is only slightly larger than your hand, yet can hold over 100 GB of data. The data is stored on a stack of disks that are mounted inside a solid encasement. These disks spin extremely fast (typically at either 5400 or 7200 RPM) so that data can be accessed immediately from anywhere on the drive. The data is stored on the hard drive magnetically, so it stays on the drive even after the power supply is turned off.

The term "hard drive" is actually short for "hard disk drive." The term "hard disk" refers to the actual disks inside the drive. However, all three of these terms are usually seen as referring to the same thing -- the place where your data is stored. Since I use the term "hard drive" most often, that is the correct one to use.

Right-click the blue bar or the white space below it and select Format.

Choose a name for the partition under "Volume label." For File System, choose NTFS if you’ll be using this drive only with Windows machines. Linux machines can read unencrypted NTFS partitions as well.

If you will be sharing the information on this drive with Macs, choose exFAT. Keep "Allocation unit size" at Default. Do not select Perform a quick format or Enable file and folder compression. Click OK.

Assign a drive letter of your choice. Click Next.

Select Format this volume. For File System, choose NTFS if you’ll be using the drive only with Windows machines. If you will be sharing the information on the drive with Macs, choose exFAT. Keep Allocation unit size at Default. Choose a name for the partition under Volume label. Do not select Perform a quick format or Enable file and folder compression. Click Next.

Head stack with an actuator coil on the left and read/write heads on the right

Sliding the drive into the cage is the hardest part as sometimes it can be blocked by a large video card or other cables. Identify the cables before you actually go ahead, noting which sides face up (SATA data and power cables all have a little notch on one end which means that inserting it the wrong way around is virtually impossible).

Once seated in the drive cage, use the screws that came with the drive to secure it – you will need to align the holes on the drive with the holes in the cage or tray. Next, find the spare power cables and the SATA cable, and plug those in. Replace the side, and power up the machine.

The rate of areal density advancement was similar to Moore's law (doubling every two years) through60% per year during 100% during and 30% during.[60] Gordon Moorecalled the increase "flabbergasting,"[61] while observing later that growth cannot continue forever.[62] Price improvement decelerated to −12% per year during 2010–2017,[63] as the growth of areal density slowed. The rate of advancement for areal density slowed to 10% per year during [64] and there was difficulty in migrating from perpendicular recording to newer technologies.[65]

Areal density is the inverse of bit cell size, so an increase in areal density corresponds to a decrease in bit cell size. In, a production desktop 3 TB HDD (with four platters) would have had an areal density of about 500 Gbit/in2 which would have amounted to a bit cell comprising about 18 magnetic grains (11 by 1.6 grains).[66] Since the mid-2000s areal density progress has increasingly been challenged by a superparamagnetic trilemma involving grain size, grain magnetic strength and ability of the head to write.[67] In order to maintain acceptable signal to noise smaller grains are required; smaller grains may self-reverse (electrothermal instability) unless their magnetic strength is increased, but known write head materials are unable to generate a magnetic field sufficient to write the medium. Several new magnetic storage technologies are being developed to overcome or at least abate this trilemma and thereby maintain the competitiveness of HDDs with respect to products such as flash memory-based solid-state drives (SSDs).

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What’s better than a 7,200RPM hard drive for media editing and applications? A solid-state drive, and the Samsung T3 is among the best portable SSDs out there.

Solid state drives have no moving parts, and the fact that they use solid state storage essentially means that they can run quite a lot faster. The downside? The technology is still a little expensive, especially for those who want to store terabytes of data.

Still, the Samsung T3 is an excellent choice for those who know they need a solid state drive. We’re specifically looking at the 500GB drive, though it also comes in 250GB, 1TB, and 2TB models, and prices range from $99.99 to a hefty $748.99.

The drive offers read-write speeds of up to 450 MB/s, which is blazingly fast, and it is compatible with macOS, Windows, and even Android. It’s got an average rating of 4.6 stars on Amazon, too, so it’s been generally well-received.

Backblaze has now recorded and saved daily hard drive statistics from the drives in our data centers for over 4 years. This data includes the SMART attributes reported by each drive, along with related information such a the drive serial number and failure status. As of March 31, we had 84,469 operational hard drives. Of that there were 1,800 boot drives and 82,669 data drives. For our review, we remove drive models of which we have less than 45 drives, leaving us to analyze 82,516 hard drives for this report. There are currently 17 different hard drives models, ranging in size from 3 to 8 TB in size. All of these models are 3½” drives.

I’ll be covering the software and configuration side of adding a second drive in my next article – so stay tuned for that. As ever, feel free to ask any questions in the comments and I’ll do my best to answer.

Close-up of a single read-write head, showing the side facing the platter.
The actuator is a permanent magnet and moving coil motor that swings the heads to the desired position. A metal plate supports a squat neodymium-iron-boron (NIB) high-flux magnet. Beneath this plate is the moving coil, often referred to as the voice coil by analogy to the coil in loudspeakers, which is attached to the actuator hub, and beneath that is a second NIB magnet, mounted on the bottom plate of the motor (some drives have only one magnet).

Back in the day, engineers would burn through miles and miles of tape during a session - it was actually a significant part of their recording budget! Tape isn't used much anymore. After all, most of us use computers to make music. And last time we checked, most computers aren't equipped with tape decks. So what do you record on? Great question. These days, hard drives have replaced our beloved reel-to-reel tape decks. In the past, the wide array of tape formulations available caused us decision anxiety. Today it's not much different. Hard drives come in different shapes and sizes as well. More decision anxiety. Let Sweetwater ease your worry. We've researched every type of hard drive on the planet, and we know which one will work best for you. And luckily, unlike tape formulations, all hard drives offer the same great sound quality.

Whether you record on a Mac or PC, on a laptop or desktop, there's an internal hard drive in our on-site 100,000-square-foot warehouse that's perfect for your computer. We've got HDDs. We've got SSDs. We've got every 3-letter acronym that's related to hard drives. Best of all, Sweetwater is an Apple Authorized Reseller - we'll be glad to install a new internal hard drive in your Mac for you!

A lot of musicians record on a laptop, or prefer to store their audio files on a portable medium. That's why we stock a wide range of external hard drives. USB, eSATA, FireWire, Thunderbolt, or USB-C, we'll hook you up with the fastest external hard drive your computer can handle. And if you experience any difficulties, our award-winning tech support team will be happy to troubleshoot with you.

Sweetwater also carries all sorts of hard drive accessories. We've got cases and rackmount kits for your external hard drives, Apple AirPort Time Capsules, hard drive bays, adapters, power supplies, and more. Whatever your data storage needs might be, Sweetwater has the solution.

The voice coil itself is shaped rather like an arrowhead, and made of doubly coated copper magnet wire. The inner layer is insulation, and the outer is thermoplastic, which bonds the coil together after it is wound on a form, making it self-supporting. The portions of the coil along the two sides of the arrowhead (which point to the actuator bearing center) then interact with the magnetic field of the fixed magnet. Current flowing radially outward along one side of the arrowhead and radially inward on the other produces the tangential force. If the magnetic field were uniform, each side would generate opposing forces that would cancel each other out. Therefore, the surface of the magnet is half north pole and half south pole, with the radial dividing line in the middle, causing the two sides of the coil to see opposite magnetic fields and produce forces that add instead of canceling. Currents along the top and bottom of the coil produce radial forces that do not rotate the head.

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There are a few things to keep in mind when you’re in the market for a new portable hard drive. For starters, you’ll want to consider the type of hard drive you want.

In the left pane, click Disk Management (under Storage).

I am trying to derive a failure statistic that takes into account the average age in operation of each drive. I believe that value would be a more accuarte performance stat rather than the annualized projection of failures.
I downloaded the excel sheet “q4-2016-hard-drive-tables-Backblaze” and tried to calculate the values.
I noticed a few strange things in the data tables within the excel sheet and I give an example:
For F

Next, follow the SATA data cable (not the power one) to the motherboard, and have a look at where it is plugged in. Different motherboards have different numbers of SATA ports, and older machines may even only have one. Obviously, if you can only find one SATA port, then you can only plug in one SATA drive drive. If you can see some spare sockets, then congratulations – you can now go buy a second drive!

As the 1980s began, HDDs were a rare and very expensive additional feature in PCs, but by the late 1980s their cost had been reduced to the point where they were standard on all but the cheapest computers.

A typical HDD has two electric motors; a spindle motor that spins the disks and an actuator (motor) that positions the read/write head assembly across the spinning disks. The disk motor has an external rotor attached to the disks; the stator windings are fixed in place. Opposite the actuator at the end of the head support arm is the read-write head; thin printed-circuit cables connect the read-write heads to amplifier electronics mounted at the pivot of the actuator. The head support arm is very light, but also stiff; in modern drives, acceleration at the head reaches 550 g.

Most of us need a terabyte or two, but more demanding users—especially those storing vast quantities of photos or videos—can fill that up in no time. If you're in the latter camp, Western Digital's My Book Duo series of drives might be worth a look. They're available in a range of sizes from 4TB all the way up to a recently released 20TB model that'll set you back a hefty $800. That enormous capacity means the drive will up a lot of desk real estate, but at least it makes the most of its hulking presence by doubling as a USB hub with a pair of USB 3.0 ports.

There are two main types: HHDs, or hard disk drives, and SSDs, or solid state drives. The difference is pretty important. HHDs store information on a spinning disk and that disk can be a source of hard drive failure. SSDs, on the other hand, have no moving parts and are thus more reliable as portable hard drives. The trade off is that SSDs are a lot more expensive.

For starters, this hard drive boasts a hefty 2TB of storage, which should be plenty for almost everyone. Even those with larger storage needs should be able to get a good amount of use out of this hard drive.

When it comes to connection speeds, the drive can connect through USB 3.0, and as such, it’ll offer speeds of up to 5Gb/s, which really fast. While it comes formatted for Windows, it can easily be reformatted for Mac users or for those who use both systems.

The pricing of the hard drive isn’t all that bad either. It’ll come in at $75, though if you want, you can pay $55 for a 1TB version. The drive has an average of 4.6 stars on Amazon, which is a pretty excellent score. Those who didn’t like it cited things like its write speed, which is 5,400 rotations per minute, as opposed to 7,200. For that reason, if you’re planning on using the drive for video or audio editing, you might have some issues. However, for most people's needs, it's a great option.

Storage amount: You’ll also want to consider how much storage you need. If you’re a videographer or photographer, chances are you could easily fill up a hard drive quickly, so you’ll want a higher-capacity drive. If on the other hand, you’re simply transferring Microsoft Word documents to and from work, then you won’t need as much storage and could save a few bucks by getting a lower storage drive.

Connection: Next up, you’ll want to think about the kind of connection you want your hard drive to connect through. The vast majority of external hard drives connect to a computer through USB, and nowadays it’s through USB 3.0, but there are still some USB 2.0-capable hard drives. There are also plenty of hard drives that connect though Firewire, and some that even connect through Thunderbolt.

Operating system: Last but not least is operating system-compatibility. Now, most hard drives can be formatted to work with both macOS and Windows, and you’ll be able to set that up when you first get the hard drive. Some, however, are pre-formatted, so you don’t have to worry about formatting.

You’ll notice that some of the drive models have a failure rate of “0” (zero). Here a failure rate of zero means there were no drive failures for that model during Q1. Later, we will cover how these same drive models faired over their lifetime. Why is the quarterly data important? We use it to look for anything unusual. For example, in Q1 the 4 TB Seagate drive model: ST4000DX000, has a high failure rate of 35.88%, while the lifetime annualized failure rate for this model is much lower, 7.50%. In this case, we only have a 170 drives of this particular drive model, so the failure rate is not statistically significant, but such information could be useful if we were using several thousand drives of this particular model.

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The HDD's electronics control the movement of the actuator and the rotation of the disk, and perform reads and writes on demand from the disk controller. Feedback of the drive electronics is accomplished by means of special segments of the disk dedicated to servo feedback. These are either complete concentric circles (in the case of dedicated servo technology), or segments interspersed with real data (in the case of embedded servo technology). The servo feedback optimizes the signal to noise ratio of the GMR sensors by adjusting the voice-coil of the actuated arm. The spinning of the disk also uses a servo motor. Modern disk firmware is capable of scheduling reads and writes efficiently on the platter surfaces and remapping sectors of the media which have failed.

Most HDDs in the early 1980s were sold to PC end users as an external, add-on subsystem. The subsystem was not sold under the drive manufacturer's name but under the subsystem manufacturer's name such as Corvus Systems and Tallgrass Technologies, or under the PC system manufacturer's name such as the Apple ProFile. The IBM PC/XT in 1983 included an internal 10 MB HDD, and soon thereafter internal HDDs proliferated on personal computers.

External HDDs remained popular for much longer on the Apple Macintosh. Many Macintosh computers made between and featured a SCSI port on the back, making external expansion simple. Older compact Macintosh computers did not have user-accessible hard drive bays (indeed, the Macintosh 128K, Macintosh 512K, and Macintosh Plus did not feature a hard drive bay at all), so on those models external SCSI disks were the only reasonable option for expanding upon any internal storage.

The 2011 Thailand floods damaged the manufacturing plants and impacted hard disk drive cost adversely between

Driven by ever increasing areal density since their invention, HDDs have continuously improved their characteristics; a few highlights are listed in the table above. At the same time, market application expanded from mainframe computers of the late 1950s to most mass storage applications including computers and consumer applications such as storage of entertainment content.

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